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The subject of logic has been under discussion for at least three thousand years without any clean breakthrough of real use to those who work with data.
“Logic” means the subject of reasoning. Some in ages past have sought to label it a science. But that can be discarded as pretense and pompousness.
If there were such a “science,” men would be able to think. And they can’t.
The term itself is utterly forbidding. If you were to read a text on logic, you would go quite mad trying to figure it out, much less learn how to think.
Yet logic or the ability to reason is vital to an organizer or administrator. If he cannot think clearly, he will not be able to reach the conclusions vital to make correct decisions.
Many agencies, governments, societies, groups capitalize upon this lack of logic and have for a very long time. A population that is unable to think or reason can be manipulated easily by falsehoods and wretched causes.
Thus logic has not been a supported subject, rather the opposite.
Even Western schools have sought to convince students they should study geometry as “that is the way they think.” And of course it isn’t.
The administrator, the manager, the artisan and the clerk each have a considerable use for logic. If they cannot reason, they make costly and time-consuming errors and can send the entire organization into chaos and oblivion.
Their stuff in trade are data and situations. Unless they can observe and think their way through, they can reach wrong conclusions and take incorrect actions.
Modern man thinks mathematics can serve him for logic and most of his situations go utterly adrift because of this touching and misplaced confidence. The complexity of human problems and the vast number of factors involved make mathematics utterly inadequate.
Computers are at best only crutches to the mind. Yet the chromium-plated civilization today has a childish faith in them. It depends on who asks the questions and who reads the computer’s answers whether they are of any use or not. And even then their answers are often madhouse silly.
Computers can’t think because the rules of live logic aren’t fully known to man and computer builders. One false datum fed into a computer gives one a completely wrong answer.
If people on management and work lines do not know logic, an organization can go adrift and require a fabulous amount of genius to hold it together and keep it running.
Whole civilizations vanish because of lack of logic in its rulers, leaders and people.
So this is a very important subject.
Unlocking Logic
Scientology contains a way to unlock logic. This is a breakthrough which is no smallwin. If by it a formidable and almost impossible subject can be reduced to simplicity, then correct answers to situations can be far more frequent and an organization or a civilization far more effective.
The breakthrough is a simple one:
BY ESTABLISHING THE WAYS IN WHICH THINGS BECOME ILLOGICAL, ONE CAN THEN ESTABLISH WHAT IS LOGIC.
In other words, if one has a grasp of what makes things illogical or irrational (or crazy, if you please) it is then possible to conceive of what makes things logical.
Illogics
There are specific ways for a relay of information or a situation to become illogical. These are the things which cause one to have an incorrect idea of a situation. Each different way is called an outpoint, which is any one datum that is offered as true that is in fact found to be illogical. Each one of these is described below.
Omitted Data
An omitted anything is an outpoint.
This can be an omitted person, terminal (person who sends, receives and relays communication), object, energy, space, time, form, sequence or even an omitted scene. Anything that can be omitted that should be there is an outpoint.
This is easily the most overlooked outpoint as it isn’t there to directly attract attention.
Altered Sequence
Any things, events, objects, sizes, in a wrong sequence is an outpoint.
The number series 3, 7, 1, 2, 4, 6, 5 is an altered sequence, or an incorrect sequence.
Doing step two of a sequence of actions before doing step one can be counted on to tangle any sequence of actions.
The basic outness is no sequence at all. (An outness is a condition or state of something being incorrect, wrong or missing.) This leads into FIXED IDEAS. It also shows up in what is called disassociation, an insanity. Things connected to or similar to each other are not seen as consecutive. Such people also jump about subjectwisewithout relation to an obvious sequence. Disassociation is the extreme case where things that are related are not seen to be and things that have no relation are conceived to have.
“Sequence” means linear (in a line) travel either through space or time or both.
A sequence that should be one and isn’t is an outpoint.
A “sequence” that isn’t but is thought to be one is an outpoint.
A cart-before-the-horse out of sequence is an outpoint.
One’s hardest task sometimes is indicating an inevitable sequence into the future that is invisible to another. This is a consequence. “If you saw off the limb you are sitting on you will of course fall.” Police try to bring this home often to people who have no concept of sequence; so the threat of punishment works well on well-behaved citizens and not at all on criminals since they often are criminals because they can’t think in sequence—they are simply fixated. “If you kill a man you will be hanged,” is an indicated sequence. A murderer fixated on revenge cannot think in sequence. One has to think in sequences to have correct sequences.
Therefore, it is far more common than one would at first imagine to see altered sequences since persons who do not think in sequence do not see altered sequences in their own actions or areas.
Visualizing sequences and drills in shifting attention can clean this up and restore it as a faculty.
Motion pictures and TV were spotted by a writer as fixating attention and not permitting it to travel. Where one had TV-raised children, it would follow, one possibly would have people with a tendency to altered sequences or no sequences at all.
Dropped Time
Time that should be noted and isn’t would be an outpoint of “dropped time.” It is a special case of an omitted datum. Dropped time has a peculiarly ferocious effect that adds up to utter lunacy.
A news bulletin from 1814 and one from 1922 read consecutively without time assigned produces otherwise undetectable madness.
A summary report of a situation containing events strung over half a year without saying so can provoke a reaction not in keeping with the current scene.
In madmen the present is the dropped time, leaving them in the haunted past. Just telling a group of madmen to “come up to present time” will produce a few miraculous “cures.” And getting the date of an ache or pain will often cause it to vanish.
Time aberrations (illogicalities) are so strong that dropped time well qualifies as an outpoint.
Falsehood
When you hear two facts that are contrary, one is a falsehood or both are.
Propaganda and other activities specialize in falsehoods and provoke great disturbance.
Willful or unintentional, a falsehood is an outpoint. It may be a mistake or a calculated or defensive falsehood and it is still an outpoint.
A false anything qualifies for this outpoint. A false being, terminal, act, intention, anything that seeks to be what it isn’t is a falsehood and an outpoint.
Fiction that does not pretend to be anything else is of course not a falsehood.
So the falsehood means “other than it appears” or “other than represented.”
One does not have to concern oneself to define philosophic truth or reality to see that something stated or modeled to be one thing is in actual fact something else and therefore an outpoint.
Altered Importance
An importance shifted from its actual relative importance, up or down, is an outpoint.
Something can be assigned an importance greater than it has.
Something can be assigned an importance less than it has.
A number of things of different importances can be assigned a monotone of importance.
These are all outpoints, three versions of the same thing.
All importances are relative to their actuality.
Wrong Target
A mistaken objective wherein one believes he is or should be reaching toward A and finds he is or should be reaching toward B is an outpoint.
This is commonly mistaken identity. It is also mistaken purposes or goals.
“If we tear down X we will be okay” often results in disclosure that it should have been Y.
Killing the king to be free from taxation leaves the tax collector alive for the nextregime.
Injustice is usually a wrong target outpoint.
Arrest the drug consumer, award the drug company would be an example.
Military tactics and strategy are almost always an effort to coax the selection of a wrong target by the enemy.
And most dislikes and spontaneous hates in human relations are based on mistaken associations of Bill for Pete.
A large sum of aberration is based on wrong targets, wrong sources, wrong causes.
Incorrectly tell a patient he has ulcers when he hasn’t and he’s hung with an outpoint which impedes recovery.
The industry spent on wrong objectives would light the world for a millennium.
Wrong Source
“Wrong source” is the other side of the coin of wrong target.
Information taken from wrong source, orders taken from the wrong source, gifts or materiel (supplies) taken from wrong source all add up to eventual confusion and possible trouble.
Unwittingly receiving from a wrong source can be very embarrassing or confusing, so much so that it is a favorite intelligence trick. Department D in East Germany, the Department of Disinformation, had very intricate methods of planting false information and disguising its source.
Technology can come from wrong source. For instance, Leipzig University’s school of psychology and psychiatry opened the door to death camps in Hitler’s Germany. Using drugs, these men apparently gave Hitler to the world as their puppet. At the end of World War II these extremists formed the “World Federation of Mental Health,” which enlisted the American Psychiatric Association and the American Medical Association and established “National Associations for Mental Health” over the world. These became the sole advisors to the US government on “mental health, education and welfare” and the appointers of all health ministers through the civilized world. This source is so wrong that it is destroying man, having already destroyed scores of millions.
Not only taking data from wrong source but officialdom from it can therefore be sufficiently aberrated as to result in planetary insanity.
In a lesser level, taking a report from a known bad hat (corrupt or worthless person) and acting upon it is the usual reason for errors made in management.
Contrary Facts
When two statements are made on one subject which are contrary to each other, we have “contrary facts.”
This illogic could be classified as a falsehood, since one of them must be false.
But in investigatory procedure one cannot offhand distinguish which is the false fact. Thus it becomes a special outpoint.
“The company made an above average income that week” and “They couldn’t pay the employees” occurring in the same time period gives us one or both as false. We may not know which is true but we do know they are contrary and can so label it.
In interrogation this point is so important that anyone giving two contrary facts becomes a prime suspect for further investigation. “I am a Swiss citizen” as a statement from someone who has had a German passport found in his baggage would be an example.
When two “facts” are contrary or contradictory, we may not know which is true but we do know they can’t both be true.
Issued by the same organization, even from two different people in that organization, two contradictory “facts” qualifies as an outpoint.
Added Time
In this outpoint we have the reverse of dropped time. In added time we have, as the most common example, something taking longer than it possibly could. To this degree it is a version of conflicting data—for example, something takes three weeks to do but it is reported as taking six months. But added time must be called to attention as an outpoint in its own right for there is a tendency to be “reasonable” about it and not see that it is an outpoint in itself.
In its most severe sense, added time becomes a very serious outpoint when, for example, two or more events occur at the same moment involving, let us say, the same person who could not have experienced both. Time had to be added to the physical universe for the data to be true. Like this: “I left for Saigon at midnight on April 21, 1962, by ship from San Francisco.” “I took over my duties at Saigon on April 30, 1962.” Here we have to add time to the physical universe for both events to occur as a ship would take two or three weeks to get from San Francisco to “Saigon.”
Another instance, a true occurrence and better example of added time, happened when a checklist of actions it would take a month to complete was sent to a junior executive and compliance was received in full in the next return mail. The checklist was in her hands only one day! She would have had to add twenty-nine days to the physical universe for the compliance report to be true. This was also dropped time on her part.
Added Inapplicable Data
Just plain added data does not necessarily constitute an outpoint. It may be someone being thorough. But when the data is in no way applicable to the scene or situation and is added, it is a definite outpoint.
Often added data is put there to cover up neglect of duty or mask a real situation. It certainly means the person is obscuring something.
Usually added data also contains other types of outpoints like wrong target or added time.
In using this outpoint be very sure you also understand the word inapplicable and see that it is only an outpoint if the data itself does not apply to the subject at hand.
Incorrectly Included Datum
There is an outpoint called incorrectly included datum, which is a companion to the omitted datum as an outpoint.
This most commonly occurs when, in the mind, the scene itself is missing and the first thing needed to classify data (scene) is not there.
An example is camera storage by someone who has no idea of types of cameras. Instead of classifying all the needful bits of a certain camera in one box, one inevitably gets the lens hoods of all cameras jumbled into one box marked “lens hoods.” To assemble or use the camera one spends hours trying to find its parts in boxes neatly labeled “camera backs,” “lenses,” “tripods,” etc.
Here, when the scene of what a set-up camera looks like and operates like, is missing, one gets a closer identification of data than exists. lens hoods are lens hoods. Tripods are tripods. Thus a wrong system of classification occurs out of scene ignorance.
A traveler unable to distinguish one uniform from another “solves” it by classifying all uniforms as “porters.” Hands his bag to an arrogant police captain and that’s how he spent his vacation, in jail.
Lack of the scene brings about too tight an identification of one thing with another.
A newly called-up army lieutenant passes right on by an enemy spy dressed as one of his own soldiers. An experienced sergeant right behind him claps the spy in jail accurately because “he wasn’t wearing ’is ’at the way we do in our regiment!”
Times change data classification. In 1920 anyone with a camera near a seaport was a spy. In 1960 anyone not carrying a camera couldn’t be a tourist so was watched!
So the scene for one cultural period is not the scene for another.
There are three other types of outpoints which should be known for use in an investigation. These are as follows:
Assumed “Identities” Are Not Identical
Assumed “Similarities” Are Not Similar Or Same Class Of Thing
Assumed “Differences” Are Not Different
Handling Data
There are hundreds of ways these mishandlings of data can then give one a completely false picture.
When basing actions or orders on data which contains one of the above, one then makes a mistake.
REASON DEPENDS ON DATA.
WHEN DATA IS FAULTY (as above) THE ANSWER WILL BE WRONG AND LOOKED UPON AS UNREASONABLE.
There are a vast number of combinations of these data. More than one (or all) may be present in the same report.
Observation and its communication may contain one of these illogics.
If so, then any effort to handle the situation will be ineffective in correcting or handling it.
Use
If any body of data is given the above tests, it is often exposed as an invitation to acting illogically.
To achieve a logical answer one must have logical data.
Any body of data which contains one or more of the above faults can lead one into illogical conclusions.
The basis of an unreasonable or unworkable order is a conclusion which is made illogical by possessing one or more of the above faults.
INVESTIGATORY ACTIONS
Correction of things which are not wrong and neglecting things which are not right puts the tombstone on any organization or civilization.
This boils down to correct investigation. It is not a slight skill. It is the basic skill behind any intelligent action.
Suppressive Justice
When justice goes astray (as it usually does) the things that have occurred are:
1. Use of justice for some other purpose than public safety (such as maintaining a privileged group or indulging a fixed idea) or
2. Omitted use of investigatory procedure.
All suppressive use of the forces of justice can be traced back to one or the other of these.
Aberrations and hate very often find outlet by calling them “justice” or “law and order.” This is why it can be said that man cannot be trusted with justice.
This or just plain stupidity bring about a neglect of intelligent investigatory procedures. Yet all group sanity depends upon correct and unaberrated (rational) investigatory procedures. Only in that way can one establish causes of things. And only by establishing causes can one cease to be the effect of unwanted situations.
It is one thing to be able to observe. It is quite another to utilize observations so that one can get to the basis of things.
Sequences
Investigations become necessary in the face of outpoints or pluspoints.
Investigations can occur out of idle curiosity or particular interest. They can also occur to locate the cause of pluspoints.
Whatever the motive for investigation, the action itself is conducted by sequences.
If one is incapable mentally of tracing a series of events or actions, one cannot investigate.
Altered sequence is a primary block to investigation.
At first glance, omitted data would seem to be the block. On the contrary, it is the end product of an investigation and is what pulls an investigation along—one is looking for omitted data.
An altered sequence of actions defeats any investigation. Examples: We will hang him and then conduct a trial. We will assume who did it and then find evidence to prove it. A crime should be provoked to find who commits them.
Any time an investigation gets back-to-front, it will not succeed.
Thus, if an investigator himself has any trouble with seeing or visualizing sequences of actions, he will inevitably come up with the wrong answer.
Reversely, when one sees that someone has come up with a wrong or incomplete answer, one can assume that the investigator has trouble with sequences of events or, of course, did not really investigate.
One can’t really credit that Sherlock Holmes would say, “I have here the fingerprint ofMr. Murgatroyd on the murder weapon. Have the police arrest him. Now, Watson, hand me a magnifying glass and ask Sgt. Doherty to let us look over his fingerprint files.”
If one cannot visualize a series of actions, like a ball bouncing down a flight of stairs, or if one cannot relate in proper order several different actions with one object into a proper sequence, he will not be able to investigate.
If one can, that’s fine.
Investigations
All betterment of life depends on finding out pluspoints and why and reinforcing them, locating outpoints and why and eradicating them.
This is the successful survival pattern of living. A primitive who is going to survive does just that and a scientist who is worth anything does just that.
The fisherman sees sea gulls clustering over a point on the sea. That’s the beginning of a short sequence, point number one. He predicts a school of fish, point number two. He sails over as sequence point number three. He looks down as sequence point number four. He sees fish as point number five. He gets out a net as point number six. He circles the school with the net, number seven. He draws in the net, number eight. He brings the fish on board, number nine. He goes to port, number ten. He sells the fish, number eleven. That’s following a pluspoint—cluster of sea gulls.
A sequence from an outpoint might be: Housewife serves dinner. Nobody eats the cake, number one; she tastes it, number two; she recognizes soap in it, number three. She goes to kitchen, number four. She looks into cupboard, number five. She finds the soapbox upset, number six. She sees the flour below it, number seven. She sees cookie jar empty, number eight. She grabs young son, number nine. She shows him the setup, number ten. She gets a confession, number eleven. And number twelve is too painful to describe.
Discoveries
All discoveries are the end product of a sequence of investigatory actions that begin with either a pluspoint or an outpoint.
Thus all knowledge proceeds from pluspoints or outpoints observed.
And all knowledge depends on an ability to investigate.
And all investigation is done in correct sequence.
And all successes depend upon the ability to do these things.
http://course.volunteerministers.org/courses/investigations/step/read-logics.html
http://course.volunteerministers.org/courses/investigations/step/read-investigatory-actions.html
SUCCESSFUL INVESTIGATIONS
Correct investigations depend on correct Whys. You can understand a real Why if you realize this:
A REAL WHY OPENS THE DOOR TO HANDLING.
If you write down a Why, ask this question of it: “Does this open the door to handling?”
If it does not, then it is a wrong Why.
When you have a right Why, handling becomes simple. The more one has to beat his brains for a bright idea to handle, the more likely it is that he has a wrong Why.
So if the handling doesn’t leap out at you then THE WHY HAS NOT OPENED THE DOOR and is probably wrong.
A right Why opens the door to improvement, enabling one to work out a handling which, if correctly done, will attain the envisioned ideal scene. Investigatory Technology can be applied to situations good or bad, large or small, dispelling many of life’s puzzles and making real solutions possible.
http://course.volunteerministers.org/courses/investigations/step/read-successful-investigations.html
